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are bounded by

  • 1 ограничен

    •

    The Sinai Peninsula is bounded (or bordered) by two fault trenches.

    •

    The coordinates of the molecules' position are bounded by the finite size of the container.

    •

    The disturbance is confined to a closed surface.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > ограничен

  • 2 секвенции, ограниченные несогласиями

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > секвенции, ограниченные несогласиями

  • 3 Притяжательный падеж (the genitive or possessive case). Примеры предложений

    The coordinates of the molecules' position are bounded by the finite size of the container
    Each element of $A$ is compared with the corresponding element of the other process's matrices
    This program allows the experienced user to take advantage of his system's actual layout
    The problem of life's beginning has been considered for at least several millennia
    This firm's leadership is well known...
    The essentials of the system's operation in response to stress are as follows
    The canyon forms 5 percent of the satellite's surface
    When the company's daily production of 200 units is considered,...
    The satellite's atmosphere is 90 percent methane
    The early atmosphere's complete dissimilarity from that of today...
    The importance of research to the country's economy...
    Most of the substance's actions in animal cells remain to be explored
    The train's arrival
    The plan's importance
    The ship's funnel
    The paragraph's meaning
    The volcano's eruption
    The report's conclusion
    The university's president
    The book's author
    That car's door

    Русско-английский словарь по прикладной математике и механике > Притяжательный падеж (the genitive or possessive case). Примеры предложений

  • 4 Притяжательный падеж (the genitive or possessive case). Примеры предложений

    The coordinates of the molecules' position are bounded by the finite size of the container
    Each element of $A$ is compared with the corresponding element of the other process's matrices
    This program allows the experienced user to take advantage of his system's actual layout
    The problem of life's beginning has been considered for at least several millennia
    This firm's leadership is well known...
    The essentials of the system's operation in response to stress are as follows
    The canyon forms 5 percent of the satellite's surface
    When the company's daily production of 200 units is considered,...
    The satellite's atmosphere is 90 percent methane
    The early atmosphere's complete dissimilarity from that of today...
    The importance of research to the country's economy...
    Most of the substance's actions in animal cells remain to be explored
    The train's arrival
    The plan's importance
    The ship's funnel
    The paragraph's meaning
    The volcano's eruption
    The report's conclusion
    The university's president
    The book's author
    That car's door

    Русско-английский словарь по прикладной математике и механике > Притяжательный падеж (the genitive or possessive case). Примеры предложений

  • 5 с запада

    •

    These fragments of lithosphere are bounded by the Pacific mid-oceanic ridge on the west.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > с запада

  • 6 если числа l (k) естественно считать равномерно ограниченными, то для m (k) дело обстоит иначе

    Mathematics: although it is natural to make the assumption that the l (k) are bounded the case is different with m (k)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > если числа l (k) естественно считать равномерно ограниченными, то для m (k) дело обстоит иначе

  • 7 если числа l естественно считать равномерно ограниченными, то для m дело обстоит иначе

    Mathematics: (k)(k) although it is natural to make the assumption that the l (k) are bounded the case is different with m (k)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > если числа l естественно считать равномерно ограниченными, то для m дело обстоит иначе

  • 8 естественно

    naturally
    • В таком случае естественно сказать, что... - In this case it is natural to say that...
    • В этой ситуации естественно определить... - In this situation it is natural to define...
    • Естественно ожидать, что... - It is naturally to be expected that...
    • Однако очевидно, что более естественно (применять и т. п.)... - But it is obviously more natural to...
    • Следовательно, естественно (предположить и т. п.)... - It is natural, therefore, to...
    • Также естественно (использовать и т. п.)... - But it is also natural to...
    • Хотя и естественно сделать предположение, что 1(к) являются ограниченными, для т(к) дело обстоит иначе. - Although it is natural to make the assumption that the l(k) are bounded the case is different with m(k).

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > естественно

  • 9 ограничены диапазоном

    Ограничены диапазоном-- The frequencies of the inherent fluctuations are bounded by 0.3 and 1.0 Hz. (... ограничены диапазоном 0,3-1,0 Гц).

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > ограничены диапазоном

  • 10 limitado

    adj.
    1 limited, finite, constricted, qualified.
    2 circumscribed.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: limitar.
    * * *
    1→ link=limitar limitar
    1 limited
    * * *
    (f. - limitada)
    adj.
    3) dull
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [gen] limited

    sociedad limitada — (Com) limited company, corporation (EEUU)

    2) (=lerdo) slow-witted, dim *
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( restringido) <poder/tiempo/edición> limited

    estar limitado a/por algo — to be restricted to/by something

    b) ( escaso) limited
    2) < persona> slow-witted
    * * *
    = confined, limited, restricted, bounded, circumscribed, qualified, narrow [narrower -comp., narrowest -sup.].
    Ex. No problem usually with terminals and micros but there could be an undesirable temperature build-up in confined areas.
    Ex. Smaller cards exist which have more limited capacity.
    Ex. Librarians are experiencing dissatisfaction with the restricted opportunities available to them to find expression for, and recognition of, their skills in the present climate of change.
    Ex. This problem arises in real time multimedia applications, which often requires a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delay to ensure that the quality of service is met = Este problema surge en las aplicaciones multimedia en tiempo real, que a menudo necesitan un ancho de banda garantizado y un retraso limitado para asegurar la calidad del servicio.
    Ex. Library and Information Plans (LIP) are 5-year management plans for information provision in a circumscribed region.
    Ex. The majority of projects are small, poorly funded, and only a qualified success.
    Ex. The subject areas which such data bases cover may range from relatively narrow subjects, to interdisciplinary areas.
    ----
    * con un presupuesto limitado = low-budget.
    * duración limitada = limited life.
    * hasta un punto limitado = to a limited extent.
    * limitado por el contexto = context-bound.
    * limitado por el tiempo = time-constrained.
    * sólo por tiempo limitado = for a limited time only.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( restringido) <poder/tiempo/edición> limited

    estar limitado a/por algo — to be restricted to/by something

    b) ( escaso) limited
    2) < persona> slow-witted
    * * *
    = confined, limited, restricted, bounded, circumscribed, qualified, narrow [narrower -comp., narrowest -sup.].

    Ex: No problem usually with terminals and micros but there could be an undesirable temperature build-up in confined areas.

    Ex: Smaller cards exist which have more limited capacity.
    Ex: Librarians are experiencing dissatisfaction with the restricted opportunities available to them to find expression for, and recognition of, their skills in the present climate of change.
    Ex: This problem arises in real time multimedia applications, which often requires a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delay to ensure that the quality of service is met = Este problema surge en las aplicaciones multimedia en tiempo real, que a menudo necesitan un ancho de banda garantizado y un retraso limitado para asegurar la calidad del servicio.
    Ex: Library and Information Plans (LIP) are 5-year management plans for information provision in a circumscribed region.
    Ex: The majority of projects are small, poorly funded, and only a qualified success.
    Ex: The subject areas which such data bases cover may range from relatively narrow subjects, to interdisciplinary areas.
    * con un presupuesto limitado = low-budget.
    * duración limitada = limited life.
    * hasta un punto limitado = to a limited extent.
    * limitado por el contexto = context-bound.
    * limitado por el tiempo = time-constrained.
    * sólo por tiempo limitado = for a limited time only.

    * * *
    A
    1 (restringido) ‹poder/tiempo/responsabilidad› limited
    productos de duración limitada products with a limited shelf life
    tiene un visado por tiempo limitado he has a temporary visa
    edición limitada limited edition
    2 (escaso) limited
    son casos muy limitados these are a few very limited o isolated cases
    se siente muy limitado por las presiones externas she feels very restricted o constrained by external pressures
    estar limitado A algo to be restricted TO sth
    están limitados a un espacio muy reducido they are restricted to a very small space
    B ‹persona›
    como actor es algo limitado as an actor he's rather limited
    es un estudiante bastante limitado he's a student of limited ability
    * * *

    Del verbo limitar: ( conjugate limitar)

    limitado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    limitado    
    limitar
    limitado
    ◊ -da adjetivo ‹poder/número/edición› limited;

    estar limitado a/por algo to be restricted to/by sth
    limitar ( conjugate limitar) verbo transitivo ‹funciones/derechos› to limit, restrict
    verbo intransitivo limitado con algo [país/finca] to border on sth
    limitarse verbo pronominal: el problema no se limita a las ciudades the problem is not confined o limited to cities;
    me limité a repetir lo dicho I just repeated what was said
    limitado,-a adjetivo
    1 (con dimensiones finitas o reducidas) limited
    aforo limitado, limited capacity
    2 (poco inteligente) limited: es un chico un poco limitado, he's a bit limited
    ♦ Locuciones: sociedad (de responsabilidad) limitada, limited (liability) company
    limitar
    I verbo transitivo to limit, restrict: tengo que limitar mis gastos, I have to limit my spending
    II verbo intransitivo to border: limita al norte con Francia, at North it borders on France

    ' limitado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    limitada
    - reemplazar
    - estrecho
    - reemplazo
    English:
    limited
    - narrow
    - qualified
    - restricted
    - short-stay
    - confined
    - tight
    * * *
    limitado, -a adj
    1. [restringido] limited;
    disponemos de un espacio muy limitado we have very limited space;
    tienen un acceso limitado a los servicios sanitarios they have limited access to healthcare services;
    el problema no está limitado a un solo país the problem is not limited o restricted to just one country
    2. [poco dotado] of limited ability, not very gifted;
    es un alumno muy limitado he's a pupil of limited ability;
    como cantante es muy limitado he has limited ability as a singer
    3. Com
    sociedad limitada private limited company
    * * *
    I adj limited
    II part → limitar
    * * *
    limitado, -da adj
    1) restringido: limited
    2) : dull, slow-witted

    Spanish-English dictionary > limitado

  • 11 definido

    adj.
    defined, clear-cut, distinct, bounded.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: definir.
    * * *
    1→ link=definir definir
    1 defined, definite
    * * *
    (f. - definida)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [línea] clearly defined; [preferencia] definite, clear

    bien definido — well defined, clearly defined

    definido por el usuario — (Inform) user-defined

    2) [carácter] tough, manly
    3) (Ling) definite
    * * *
    - da adjetivo <carácter/ideas> clearly-defined, well-defined; < opinión> clearly-defined
    * * *
    = definite, sharp [sharper -comp., sharpest -sup.], stated, bounded, defined.
    Ex. I don't see that we are going to stand a chance unless there is something very definite coming out of this conference and similar conferences where these ideas are advanced.
    Ex. 'I'll give it more thought,' she said with a sharp frown, resuming her former posture.
    Ex. Throughout, the code is based upon clearly stated principles.
    Ex. This problem arises in real time multimedia applications, which often requires a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delay to ensure that the quality of service is met = Este problema surge en las aplicaciones multimedia en tiempo real, que a menudo necesitan un ancho de banda garantizado y un retraso limitado para asegurar la calidad del servicio.
    Ex. The Pearson correlation coefficient has been calculated to find out the correlation and to test the null hypothesis that there is no correlation among publishing in journals, citing from journals and use of journals by a defined set of researchers.
    ----
    * bien definido = well-defined, clearly defined, clearly-drawn, articulated, clear-cut.
    * claramente definido = well-defined, clearly defined, clearly-drawn, clear-cut.
    * definido con precisión = closely defined.
    * definido por el usuario = user-defined.
    * definido por uno mismo = self-defined.
    * definido recientemente = newly defined [newly-defined].
    * poco definido = bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.].
    * recién definido = newly defined [newly-defined].
    * * *
    - da adjetivo <carácter/ideas> clearly-defined, well-defined; < opinión> clearly-defined
    * * *
    = definite, sharp [sharper -comp., sharpest -sup.], stated, bounded, defined.

    Ex: I don't see that we are going to stand a chance unless there is something very definite coming out of this conference and similar conferences where these ideas are advanced.

    Ex: 'I'll give it more thought,' she said with a sharp frown, resuming her former posture.
    Ex: Throughout, the code is based upon clearly stated principles.
    Ex: This problem arises in real time multimedia applications, which often requires a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delay to ensure that the quality of service is met = Este problema surge en las aplicaciones multimedia en tiempo real, que a menudo necesitan un ancho de banda garantizado y un retraso limitado para asegurar la calidad del servicio.
    Ex: The Pearson correlation coefficient has been calculated to find out the correlation and to test the null hypothesis that there is no correlation among publishing in journals, citing from journals and use of journals by a defined set of researchers.
    * bien definido = well-defined, clearly defined, clearly-drawn, articulated, clear-cut.
    * claramente definido = well-defined, clearly defined, clearly-drawn, clear-cut.
    * definido con precisión = closely defined.
    * definido por el usuario = user-defined.
    * definido por uno mismo = self-defined.
    * definido recientemente = newly defined [newly-defined].
    * poco definido = bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.].
    * recién definido = newly defined [newly-defined].

    * * *
    ‹carácter/ideas› clearly-defined, well-defined
    no tiene una opinión definida al respecto he doesn't have a very clearly-defined o a definite opinion about it
    una cara de rasgos muy definidos a face with very well-defined o very strong features
    * * *

    Del verbo definir: ( conjugate definir)

    definido es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    definido    
    definir
    definido
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    clearly-defined
    definir ( conjugate definir) verbo transitivo
    to define
    definido,-a adjetivo
    1 (proyecto, idea, imagen) clear
    (referido a las siluetas) sharp
    2 Ling definite
    definir verbo transitivo to define

    ' definido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    definida
    - nítida
    - nítido
    - otra
    - otro
    - a
    English:
    concrete
    - grey area
    - tentative
    - undefined
    - clean
    - clear-cut
    - definite
    - distinct
    - indistinct
    - sharp
    * * *
    definido, -a adj
    1. [límite, idea] (clearly) defined
    2. [trazo, línea] sharp, well-defined
    3. Gram
    artículo definido definite article
    * * *
    adj GRAM definite
    * * *
    definido, -da adj
    : definite, well-defined

    Spanish-English dictionary > definido

  • 12 limitar

    v.
    1 to limit, to restrict.
    han limitado la velocidad máxima a cuarenta por hora they've restricted the speed limit to forty kilometers an hour
    este sueldo tan bajo me limita mucho I can't do very much on such a low salary
    Ricardo limitó las reglas Richard limited the rules.
    El médico limitó al paciente The doctor limited the patient.
    2 to mark out (terreno).
    3 to set out, to define (atribuciones, derechos).
    4 to border.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to limit
    1 to border with
    \
    limitarse a + inf to restrict oneself to + gerund, do no more than + inf
    * * *
    verb
    to restrict, limit
    * * *
    1.
    VT (=restringir) to limit, restrict

    nos han limitado el número de visitas — they have limited o restricted the number of visits we can have

    2.
    VI
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <funciones/derechos> to limit, restrict
    2. 3.
    limitarse v pron

    limitarse a algo: el problema no se limita únicamente a las ciudades the problem is not just confined o limited to cities; me limité a repetir lo que tú habías dicho I just repeated what you'd said; limítate a hacerlo — just do it

    * * *
    = bound, confine, constrain, limit, reduce, restrict, tie down, restrain, circumscribe, disable, box in, narrow down, border, fetter, hem + Nombre + in.
    Ex. Word is a character string bounded by spaces or other chosen characters.
    Ex. Until the mid nineteenth century the concept of authorship was confined to personal authors.
    Ex. Model II sees the process in terms of the system forcing or constraining the user to deviate from the 'real' problem.
    Ex. This limits the need for libraries to reclassify, but also restricts the revision of the Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme.
    Ex. The disadvantage of inversion of words is that inversion or indirect word order reduces predictability of form of headings.
    Ex. This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.
    Ex. There are many able people still tied down with the routine 'running' of their libraries.
    Ex. Use of the legal data bases is partly restrained by cost considerations, partly by the fact that their coverage is not exhaustive and partly by the reserved attitude of the legal profession and the judiciary.
    Ex. Traditional theories of management circumscribe the extent of employee participation in decision making.
    Ex. There are socializing factors which further disable those children who lack such basic support.
    Ex. What is important is that agencies face few barriers to disseminating information on the Web quickly rather than being boxed in by standardization requirements = Lo que es importante es que las agencias se encuentran pocas trabas para diseminar información en la web de una forma rápida más que verse restringidas por cuestiones de normalización.
    Ex. By specifying the fields to be searched, the user can narrow down the search in a very convenient way.
    Ex. The Pacific Rim encompasses an enormous geographical area composed of all of the nations bordering the Pacific Ocean, east and west, from the Bering Straits to Antarctica.
    Ex. Faculty tenure is designed to allow the scholar to proceed with his investigation without being fettered with concerns arising from loss of job and salary.
    Ex. The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    ----
    * limitar búsqueda = limit + search.
    * limitar con = border on.
    * limitar el debate a = keep + discussion + grounded on.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <funciones/derechos> to limit, restrict
    2. 3.
    limitarse v pron

    limitarse a algo: el problema no se limita únicamente a las ciudades the problem is not just confined o limited to cities; me limité a repetir lo que tú habías dicho I just repeated what you'd said; limítate a hacerlo — just do it

    * * *
    = bound, confine, constrain, limit, reduce, restrict, tie down, restrain, circumscribe, disable, box in, narrow down, border, fetter, hem + Nombre + in.

    Ex: Word is a character string bounded by spaces or other chosen characters.

    Ex: Until the mid nineteenth century the concept of authorship was confined to personal authors.
    Ex: Model II sees the process in terms of the system forcing or constraining the user to deviate from the 'real' problem.
    Ex: This limits the need for libraries to reclassify, but also restricts the revision of the Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme.
    Ex: The disadvantage of inversion of words is that inversion or indirect word order reduces predictability of form of headings.
    Ex: This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.
    Ex: There are many able people still tied down with the routine 'running' of their libraries.
    Ex: Use of the legal data bases is partly restrained by cost considerations, partly by the fact that their coverage is not exhaustive and partly by the reserved attitude of the legal profession and the judiciary.
    Ex: Traditional theories of management circumscribe the extent of employee participation in decision making.
    Ex: There are socializing factors which further disable those children who lack such basic support.
    Ex: What is important is that agencies face few barriers to disseminating information on the Web quickly rather than being boxed in by standardization requirements = Lo que es importante es que las agencias se encuentran pocas trabas para diseminar información en la web de una forma rápida más que verse restringidas por cuestiones de normalización.
    Ex: By specifying the fields to be searched, the user can narrow down the search in a very convenient way.
    Ex: The Pacific Rim encompasses an enormous geographical area composed of all of the nations bordering the Pacific Ocean, east and west, from the Bering Straits to Antarctica.
    Ex: Faculty tenure is designed to allow the scholar to proceed with his investigation without being fettered with concerns arising from loss of job and salary.
    Ex: The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    * limitar búsqueda = limit + search.
    * limitar con = border on.
    * limitar el debate a = keep + discussion + grounded on.

    * * *
    limitar [A1 ]
    vt
    ‹funciones/derechos/influencia› to limit, restrict
    las disposiciones que limitan la tenencia de armas de fuego the regulations which restrict o limit the possession of firearms
    es necesario limitar su campo de acción restrictions o limits must be placed on his freedom of action
    habrá que limitar el número de intervenciones it will be necessary to limit o restrict the number of speakers
    le han limitado las salidas a dos días por semana he's restricted to going out twice a week
    ■ limitar
    vi
    limitar CON algo to border ON sth
    España limita al oeste con Portugal Spain borders on o is bounded by Portugal to the west, Spain shares a border with Portugal in the west
    limitarse A algo:
    yo me limité a repetir lo que tú me habías dicho I just repeated o all I did was repeat what you'd said to me
    no hizo ningún comentario, se limitó a observar he didn't say anything, he merely o just stood watching
    limítate a hacer lo que te ordenan just confine yourself to o keep to what you've been told to do
    el problema no se limita únicamente a las grandes ciudades the problem is not just confined o limited to big cities
    tiene que limitarse a su sueldo she has to live within her means
    * * *

    limitar ( conjugate limitar) verbo transitivo ‹funciones/derechos› to limit, restrict
    verbo intransitivo limitar con algo [país/finca] to border on sth
    limitarse verbo pronominal:
    ◊ el problema no se limita a las ciudades the problem is not confined o limited to cities;

    me limité a repetir lo dicho I just repeated what was said
    limitar
    I verbo transitivo to limit, restrict: tengo que limitar mis gastos, I have to limit my spending
    II verbo intransitivo to border: limita al norte con Francia, at North it borders on France

    ' limitar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    constreñir
    - tapiar
    - lindar
    English:
    border on
    - confine
    - limit
    - narrow down
    - restrict
    - border
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [restringir] to limit, to restrict;
    quieren limitar el poder del presidente they want to limit o restrict the president's power;
    han limitado la velocidad máxima a cuarenta por hora they've restricted the speed limit to forty kilometres an hour;
    este sueldo tan bajo me limita mucho I can't do very much on such a low salary
    2. [terreno] to mark out;
    limitaron el terreno con una cerca they fenced off the land
    ♦ vi
    to border ( con on);
    limita al norte con Venezuela it borders on Venezuela to the north
    * * *
    I v/t limit; ( restringir) limit, restrict
    II v/i
    :
    limitar con border on
    * * *
    restringir: to limit, to restrict
    limitar con : to border on
    * * *
    1. (restringir) to limit
    2. (tener frontera) to border
    España limita con Francia Spain borders on France / Spain has a border with France

    Spanish-English dictionary > limitar

  • 13 específico

    adj.
    specific, particular, special.
    * * *
    1 specific
    1 (medicamento) specific; (especialidad) patent medicine
    \
    peso específico specific gravity
    ————————
    1 (medicamento) specific; (especialidad) patent medicine
    * * *
    (f. - específica)
    adj.
    * * *
    1.
    2.
    SM (Med) specific
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1) ( preciso) specific
    2) (Farm, Med) specific
    II
    masculino specific
    * * *
    = given, individual, narrow [narrower -comp., narrowest -sup.], niche-specific, one, one-off, specific, single, bounded, determinate, particular, defined, designated, circumscribed, targeted, focused [focussed], narrowly focused.
    Ex. The notation for any given geographical division varies between classes and between different parts of the same classes.
    Ex. The series area includes the series title, an indication of the responsibility for the series (often series editors), and the number of the individual work within the series, if the work is one of a numbered series.
    Ex. The subject areas which such data bases cover may range from relatively narrow subjects, to interdisciplinary areas.
    Ex. The history and analysis of CCML presented here is quite subjective and specific to BRS, but does reflect the issues associated with producing a niche-specific database.
    Ex. Note the different definitions, and the different boundaries for this one subject area.
    Ex. Associated with full-time staffing reductions has been the virtual elimination of part-time teachers and ' one-off' expert lecturers.
    Ex. Various publishers have reputations for specific styles, subject areas or works for specific audiences.
    Ex. In other words, the elements of any single case may point to several concepts; in this sense, the cases are like icebergs -- more is hidden han appears on the surface.
    Ex. This problem arises in real time multimedia applications, which often requires a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delay to ensure that the quality of service is met = Este problema surge en las aplicaciones multimedia en tiempo real, que a menudo necesitan un ancho de banda garantizado y un retraso limitado para asegurar la calidad del servicio.
    Ex. There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.
    Ex. It is possible to identify an item uniquely within a particular institution or agency by a running accession number.
    Ex. The Pearson correlation coefficient has been calculated to find out the correlation and to test the null hypothesis that there is no correlation among publishing in journals, citing from journals and use of journals by a defined set of researchers.
    Ex. It is tremendously valuable to library staff (particularly in libraries with a designated departmental structure) to maintain close professional ties with local academic departments.
    Ex. Library and Information Plans (LIP) are 5-year management plans for information provision in a circumscribed region.
    Ex. Threats to the integrity of science include interest in paranormal phenomena, sensationalism of science and pressure for targeted research.
    Ex. These include a series of focused workshops and a four day national conference.
    Ex. Some articles cover broad themes while others are more narrowly focused.
    ----
    * área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.
    * area temática específica = narrow subject area.
    * base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.
    * centrado en un tema específico = topic-centred.
    * conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.
    * de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.
    * dedicado a una aplicación específica = dedicated.
    * del documento específico = document-related.
    * dirigido a un sector de la población específico = sector-orientated.
    * específico a la biblioteca = library-specific.
    * específico de = peculiar to.
    * específico de la biblioteca = library-specific.
    * específico de la edición = edition-specific.
    * específico de las empresas = company-specific.
    * específico del documento = document-related, document-specific.
    * específico de una agencia = agency-specific.
    * específico de una base de datos = database-specific.
    * específico de una disciplina = discipline-specific.
    * específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.
    * específico para cada edición = edition-specific.
    * grupo específico = niche.
    * hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.
    * índice específico = specific index.
    * información específica = data element.
    * mención específica del formato de música impresa = musical presentation statement.
    * mercado específico = niche market.
    * para ser específico = to be specific.
    * peso específico = specific gravity.
    * público específico = niche audience.
    * término específico = specific term.
    * término específico genérico (NTG) = narrower term generic (NTG).
    * término específico partitivo (NTP) = narrower term partitive (NTP).
    * término más específico = narrower term.
    * tratamiento específico de la información = specific approach.
    * valor específico = weighting.
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    1) ( preciso) specific
    2) (Farm, Med) specific
    II
    masculino specific
    * * *
    = given, individual, narrow [narrower -comp., narrowest -sup.], niche-specific, one, one-off, specific, single, bounded, determinate, particular, defined, designated, circumscribed, targeted, focused [focussed], narrowly focused.

    Ex: The notation for any given geographical division varies between classes and between different parts of the same classes.

    Ex: The series area includes the series title, an indication of the responsibility for the series (often series editors), and the number of the individual work within the series, if the work is one of a numbered series.
    Ex: The subject areas which such data bases cover may range from relatively narrow subjects, to interdisciplinary areas.
    Ex: The history and analysis of CCML presented here is quite subjective and specific to BRS, but does reflect the issues associated with producing a niche-specific database.
    Ex: Note the different definitions, and the different boundaries for this one subject area.
    Ex: Associated with full-time staffing reductions has been the virtual elimination of part-time teachers and ' one-off' expert lecturers.
    Ex: Various publishers have reputations for specific styles, subject areas or works for specific audiences.
    Ex: In other words, the elements of any single case may point to several concepts; in this sense, the cases are like icebergs -- more is hidden han appears on the surface.
    Ex: This problem arises in real time multimedia applications, which often requires a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delay to ensure that the quality of service is met = Este problema surge en las aplicaciones multimedia en tiempo real, que a menudo necesitan un ancho de banda garantizado y un retraso limitado para asegurar la calidad del servicio.
    Ex: There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.
    Ex: It is possible to identify an item uniquely within a particular institution or agency by a running accession number.
    Ex: The Pearson correlation coefficient has been calculated to find out the correlation and to test the null hypothesis that there is no correlation among publishing in journals, citing from journals and use of journals by a defined set of researchers.
    Ex: It is tremendously valuable to library staff (particularly in libraries with a designated departmental structure) to maintain close professional ties with local academic departments.
    Ex: Library and Information Plans (LIP) are 5-year management plans for information provision in a circumscribed region.
    Ex: Threats to the integrity of science include interest in paranormal phenomena, sensationalism of science and pressure for targeted research.
    Ex: These include a series of focused workshops and a four day national conference.
    Ex: Some articles cover broad themes while others are more narrowly focused.
    * área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.
    * area temática específica = narrow subject area.
    * base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.
    * centrado en un tema específico = topic-centred.
    * conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.
    * de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.
    * dedicado a una aplicación específica = dedicated.
    * del documento específico = document-related.
    * dirigido a un sector de la población específico = sector-orientated.
    * específico a la biblioteca = library-specific.
    * específico de = peculiar to.
    * específico de la biblioteca = library-specific.
    * específico de la edición = edition-specific.
    * específico de las empresas = company-specific.
    * específico del documento = document-related, document-specific.
    * específico de una agencia = agency-specific.
    * específico de una base de datos = database-specific.
    * específico de una disciplina = discipline-specific.
    * específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.
    * específico para cada edición = edition-specific.
    * grupo específico = niche.
    * hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.
    * índice específico = specific index.
    * información específica = data element.
    * mención específica del formato de música impresa = musical presentation statement.
    * mercado específico = niche market.
    * para ser específico = to be specific.
    * peso específico = specific gravity.
    * público específico = niche audience.
    * término específico = specific term.
    * término específico genérico (NTG) = narrower term generic (NTG).
    * término específico partitivo (NTP) = narrower term partitive (NTP).
    * término más específico = narrower term.
    * tratamiento específico de la información = specific approach.
    * valor específico = weighting.

    * * *
    A (determinado, preciso) specific peso
    B ( Farm, Med) specific
    specific
    * * *

     

    Del verbo especificar: ( conjugate especificar)

    especifico es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    especificó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    especificar    
    específico
    especificar ( conjugate especificar) verbo transitivo
    to specify
    específico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    specific
    especificar verbo transitivo to specify
    específico,-a
    I adjetivo specific
    II m Med specific (remedy): los médicos de la seguridad social procuran no recetar específicos, doctors in the national health care system avoid prescribing specifics to their patients

    ' específico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    específica
    - peso
    - concreto
    - general
    - helecho
    - particular
    - quinceañero
    English:
    backbencher
    - crime
    - general
    - given
    - in
    - literate
    - particular
    - specific
    - back
    * * *
    específico, -a
    ♦ adj
    specific
    ♦ nm
    [medicamento] specific
    * * *
    adj specific
    * * *
    específico, -ca adj
    : specific
    * * *
    específico adj specific

    Spanish-English dictionary > específico

  • 14 rodear

    v.
    1 to surround.
    le rodeó el cuello con los brazos she put her arms around his neck
    ¡ríndete, estás rodeado! surrender, we have you o you're surrounded!
    vive rodeado de libros he's always surrounded by books
    La luz rodea al corral The light surrounds the corral.
    2 to surround (estar alrededor de).
    el misterio que rodea la investigación the mystery surrounding the investigation
    todos los que la rodean hablan muy bien de ella everyone around her speaks very highly of her
    3 to go around (dar la vuelta a).
    4 to skirt around.
    5 to wall in, to close in, to close round, to corner.
    La cerca rodea a las vacas The fence walls in the cows.
    * * *
    1 (cercar) to surround, encircle
    1 (andar alrededor) to go around
    1 to surround oneself (de, with)
    * * *
    verb
    2) surround, encircle
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=poner alrededor de) to encircle, enclose

    rodearon el terreno con alambre de púas — they surrounded the field with barbed wire, they put a barbed wire fence around the field

    2) (=ponerse alrededor de) to surround
    3) LAm [+ ganado] to round up
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( ponerse alrededor de) <edificio/persona> to surround

    todos rodearon a los novios — they all crowded o gathered round the newlyweds

    d) (AmL) < ganado> to round up
    2) ( estar alrededor de) to surround

    todos los que lo rodean — everyone who works with him/knows him

    2.
    rodearse v pron

    rodearse DE algo/alguien — to surround oneself with something/somebody

    * * *
    = bound, surround, be all around us, envelop, shroud, skirt, hem + Nombre + in, close in on, gird.
    Ex. Word is a character string bounded by spaces or other chosen characters.
    Ex. The city loomed far in the distance, with the darkness of nothing surrounding it like a protective cloak.
    Ex. June Jordan offers the poet's view that poetry is all around us.
    Ex. Her eyes swept the room and then enveloped him in an icy glare.
    Ex. Often the needs of the disabled are shrouded by misconceptions such as that they are forced to lead a poor quality of life.
    Ex. Bridleways that cross arable land may be legally ploughed up, but not those that skirt a field.
    Ex. The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    Ex. As he closed in on the killer, he discovered evidence that points to the unimaginable -- a revelation that could rock the entire world.
    Ex. The peaks and rocks of grotesque shapes are girded by clear streams and embraced by green trees and bamboo plants.
    ----
    * Nombre + que me rodea = Nombre + round me.
    * que nos rodea = ambient.
    * que rodea = surrounding.
    * rodear con un círculo = encircle, circle.
    * rodear de misterio = shroud in + mystery, veil in + mystery.
    * rodear en grupo = swarm.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( ponerse alrededor de) <edificio/persona> to surround

    todos rodearon a los novios — they all crowded o gathered round the newlyweds

    d) (AmL) < ganado> to round up
    2) ( estar alrededor de) to surround

    todos los que lo rodean — everyone who works with him/knows him

    2.
    rodearse v pron

    rodearse DE algo/alguien — to surround oneself with something/somebody

    * * *
    = bound, surround, be all around us, envelop, shroud, skirt, hem + Nombre + in, close in on, gird.

    Ex: Word is a character string bounded by spaces or other chosen characters.

    Ex: The city loomed far in the distance, with the darkness of nothing surrounding it like a protective cloak.
    Ex: June Jordan offers the poet's view that poetry is all around us.
    Ex: Her eyes swept the room and then enveloped him in an icy glare.
    Ex: Often the needs of the disabled are shrouded by misconceptions such as that they are forced to lead a poor quality of life.
    Ex: Bridleways that cross arable land may be legally ploughed up, but not those that skirt a field.
    Ex: The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    Ex: As he closed in on the killer, he discovered evidence that points to the unimaginable -- a revelation that could rock the entire world.
    Ex: The peaks and rocks of grotesque shapes are girded by clear streams and embraced by green trees and bamboo plants.
    * Nombre + que me rodea = Nombre + round me.
    * que nos rodea = ambient.
    * que rodea = surrounding.
    * rodear con un círculo = encircle, circle.
    * rodear de misterio = shroud in + mystery, veil in + mystery.
    * rodear en grupo = swarm.

    * * *
    rodear [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (ponerse alrededor de) ‹edificio/persona› to surround
    se vio rodeada por una nube de fotógrafos she found herself surrounded by a swarm of photographers
    todos rodearon a los novios they all crowded o gathered round the newlyweds
    2 (poner alrededor) rodear algo DE algo to surround sth WITH sth
    rodeó el brillante de rubíes he surrounded the diamond with rubies
    3
    (encerrar): le rodeó la cintura y la atrajo hacia sí he put his arms around her waist and drew her toward(s) him
    4 ( AmL) ‹ganado› to round up
    B (estar alrededor de) to surround
    las circunstancias que rodearon su muerte the circumstances surrounding his death
    un grupo de curiosos rodeaba el vehículo the vehicle was surrounded by a group of onlookers, a group of onlookers surrounded the vehicle
    el misterio que rodea sus actividades the mystery which surrounds their activities
    es muy querido por todos los que lo rodean everyone who works with him/knows him is very fond of him
    rodearse DE algo/algn to surround oneself WITH sth/sb
    procura rodearte de gente de confianza try to surround yourself with people you can trust
    me gusta rodearme de cosas hermosas I like to surround myself with beautiful things
    * * *

     

    rodear ( conjugate rodear) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹edificio/persona› to surround;

    rodear algo DE algo to surround sth with sth;

    le rodeó la cintura con los brazos he put his arms around her waist
    b) (AmL) ‹ ganado› to round up

    2 ( estar alrededor de) to surround;
    ◊ todos los que lo rodean everyone who works with him/knows him

    rodearse verbo pronominal rodearse DE algo/algn to surround oneself with sth/sb
    rodear
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (con algo) to surround
    rodear con los brazos, to put one's arms around
    2 (un asunto) to avoid
    II verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo (un camino) to go round, make a detour
    ' rodear' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bordear
    - envolver
    English:
    border
    - circle
    - close in
    - encircle
    - enclose
    - encompass
    - hem in
    - loop
    - surround
    - go
    - ring
    - round
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [poner o ponerse alrededor de] to surround (de with);
    le rodeó el cuello con los brazos she put her arms around his neck;
    ¡ríndete, estás rodeado! surrender, we have you o you're surrounded!;
    vive rodeado de libros he's always surrounded by books
    2. [estar alrededor de] to surround;
    el misterio que rodea la investigación the mystery surrounding the investigation;
    todos los que la rodean hablan muy bien de ella everyone around her speaks very highly of her
    3. [dar la vuelta a] to go around
    4. [eludir] [tema] to skirt around
    5. Am [ganado] to round up
    * * *
    v/t surround
    * * *
    rodear vt
    1) : to surround
    2) : to round up (cattle)
    rodear vi
    1) : to go around
    2) : to beat around the bush
    * * *
    rodear vb
    1. (cercar) to surround
    2. (con los brazos) to put round [pt. & pp. put]

    Spanish-English dictionary > rodear

  • 15 atisbar

    v.
    1 to make out.
    2 to observe, to spy on.
    3 to peek, to glance, to be on the lookout for, to eye.
    Ella vislumbró el valle She glimpsed the valley.
    * * *
    1 (observar) to spy on, observe, watch
    2 figurado (vislumbrar) to make out, discern
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=espiar) to spy on, watch; (=mirar) to peep at
    2) (=lograr ver) to see, make out, discern frm
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo

    atisbaron a lo lejos unas casas — (liter) they sighted o (liter) discerned a few houses in the distance

    se atisban indicios de mejoría — (period) we are beginning to detect signs of improvement

    b) ( espiar) to spy on, watch; ( mirar furtivamente) to peep at
    2.
    atisbar vi (liter) to look out
    * * *
    = glimpse, peep.
    Ex. The shape of space: have cosmologists glimpsed signs that the universe is bounded?.
    Ex. While peeping is an offense, it falls under 'disorderly conduct,' and therefore the possible punishments are very limited.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo

    atisbaron a lo lejos unas casas — (liter) they sighted o (liter) discerned a few houses in the distance

    se atisban indicios de mejoría — (period) we are beginning to detect signs of improvement

    b) ( espiar) to spy on, watch; ( mirar furtivamente) to peep at
    2.
    atisbar vi (liter) to look out
    * * *
    = glimpse, peep.

    Ex: The shape of space: have cosmologists glimpsed signs that the universe is bounded?.

    Ex: While peeping is an offense, it falls under 'disorderly conduct,' and therefore the possible punishments are very limited.

    * * *
    atisbar [A1 ]
    vt
    1
    (vislumbrar): atisbaron a lo lejos las primeras casas del pueblo ( liter); they sighted o made out o ( liter) discerned the first houses of the town in the distance
    no se atisba ninguna posibilidad de mejora económica ( period); there does not appear to be any chance of an economic recovery
    se atisbaban los primeros indicios de distensión ( period); we were just beginning to detect o discern the first signs of a lessening of tension
    2 (espiar) to spy on, watch; (mirar furtivamente) to peep at
    ■ atisbar
    vi
    ( liter); to look out
    la vi atisbando desde detrás de las cortinas I caught sight of her peeping out o looking out from behind the curtains
    * * *

    atisbar verbo transitivo to make out
    ' atisbar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    entrever
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [vislumbrar] to make out;
    se atisbaba un castillo en el horizonte a castle could (just) be made out on the horizon;
    se atisba un principio de acuerdo the first signs of an agreement are becoming apparent;
    no atisbaban ninguna salida a la crisis they could not see any way out of the crisis
    2. [acechar] to watch, to spy on;
    atisbaba por un agujero lo que ocurría en la otra habitación he was spying on o watching what was happening in the other room through a hole
    ♦ vi
    to peep
    * * *
    v/t see, make out
    * * *
    1) : to spy on, to watch
    2) : to catch a glimpse of, to make out

    Spanish-English dictionary > atisbar

  • 16 confinare

    border ( con something)
    fig confine
    * * *
    confinare v.tr.
    1 (dir.) to confine, to restrict; to intern, to banish: fu confinato in Siberia, he was banished to Siberia
    2 (fig.) to confine; ( rinchiudere) to shut* (s.o.) up: il cattivo tempo ci confinò in casa, the bad weather kept us indoors
    ◆ v. intr. ( avere confini comuni) to border (on sthg.) (anche fig.), to adjoin; to be bounded (by sthg.): la proprietà confina con la tua, the plot of land borders on yours; l'Italia confina con la Svizzera, Italy borders on (o adjoins) Switzerland; confina a ovest col mare e a est con le paludi, it is bounded by the sea on the west and by the swamps on the East; questo confina con l'ostentazione, this borders on ostentation.
    ◘ confinarsi v.rifl. (non com.) to retire, to confine oneself, to shut* oneself up.
    * * *
    [konfi'nare]
    1. vi
    (aus avere)
    2. vt
    1)

    (relegare) confinare qn in — to confine sb to

    2) Pol to intern

    confinarsi in — to shut o.s. up in

    * * *
    [konfi'nare] 1.
    verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)

    confinare con qcs. — [ paese] to border (on), to neighbour BE, neighbor AE on sth.; [ edificio] to abut o adjoin sth.; [ terreno] to border sth.

    2.
    verbo transitivo
    2) (relegare) to confine (in to, in)
    3.
    verbo pronominale confinarsi to shut* oneself away, to withdraw*
    * * *
    confinare
    /konfi'nare/ [1]
     (aus. avere) confinare con qcs. [ paese] to border (on), to neighbour BE, neighbor AE on sth.; [ edificio] to abut o adjoin sth.; [ terreno] to border sth.; l'Italia confina con la Francia Italy borders France; le due case confinano the two houses are adjacent o adjoining
     1 (mandare al confino) to intern
     2 (relegare) to confine (in to, in)
    III confinarsi verbo pronominale
     to shut* oneself away, to withdraw*.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > confinare

  • 17 ограниченный

    •

    In its own circumscribed domain...

    •

    In the confined space of...

    •

    These units have a restricted (or limited) speed of response.

    •

    Such converters have limited applications.

    II
    •

    The area enclosed by the curve line and the straight line...

    •

    We assume a region bounded by the axis t = 0, the line t = t(), and a characteristic issuing out of the origin.

    •

    These rocks are characterized by successive layers or beds of material limited above and below by planes called bedding planes.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > ограниченный

  • 18 vislumbrar

    v.
    1 to make out, to discern.
    2 to have an inkling of.
    3 to foresee, to perceive, to foreshadow, to envision.
    Ellos vislumbran un mal futuro They foresee a crummy future.
    4 to glimpse, to make out barely, to catch a glimpse of.
    Ella vislumbró el valle She glimpsed the valley.
    * * *
    1 (ver) to glimpse, catch a glimpse of, make out
    2 figurado (conjeturar) to begin to see
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT
    1) [+ paisaje, figura] to glimpse, catch a glimpse of
    2) [+ solución] to glimpse, begin to see; [+ futuro] to get a slight idea of; [+ hecho desconocido] to surmise
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to make out, discern (frml)
    * * *
    = catch + glimpse, envision, glimpse.
    Ex. From time to time librarians do catch a fleeting glimpse of how others see them when some journalist or academic does articulate this widespread phobia.
    Ex. Let me further specify the requirements of the catalog envisioned by the Paris Principles.
    Ex. The shape of space: have cosmologists glimpsed signs that the universe is bounded?.
    ----
    * vislumbrar en la distancia = loom + far in the distance.
    * vislumbrarse = loom.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to make out, discern (frml)
    * * *
    = catch + glimpse, envision, glimpse.

    Ex: From time to time librarians do catch a fleeting glimpse of how others see them when some journalist or academic does articulate this widespread phobia.

    Ex: Let me further specify the requirements of the catalog envisioned by the Paris Principles.
    Ex: The shape of space: have cosmologists glimpsed signs that the universe is bounded?.
    * vislumbrar en la distancia = loom + far in the distance.
    * vislumbrarse = loom.

    * * *
    vislumbrar [A1 ]
    vt
    to make out, discern ( frml)
    a lo lejos se vislumbraban las casitas blancas de la aldea the white houses of the village could just be made out o discerned in the distance
    aún no se vislumbra una solución al problema there is still no sign of a solution to the problem
    comienzan a vislumbrar la naturaleza del virus they are just beginning to glimpse o discern the nature of the virus
    * * *

    vislumbrar ( conjugate vislumbrar) verbo transitivo ( en la distancia) to make out, discern (frml);
    (entre los árboles, las nubes) to glimpse;

    vislumbrar vtr (ver sin precisión) to glimpse: empieza a vislumbrar la solución, he's beginning to see the solution
    vislumbré una sonrisa en su cara, I could discern a smile on his face
    (las cosas) to make out, glimpse

    ' vislumbrar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adivinarse
    English:
    glimpse
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [entrever] to make out, to discern
    2. [adivinar] to discern, to have an inkling of
    * * *
    v/t glimpse
    * * *
    1) : to discern, to make out
    2) : to begin to see, to have an inkling of
    * * *
    vislumbrar vb to glimpse

    Spanish-English dictionary > vislumbrar

  • 19 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

  • 20 आर्य _ārya

    आर्य a. [ऋ-ण्यत्]
    1 Āryan, an inhabitant of आर्यावर्त, N. of the race migrated into India in Vedic times.
    -2 Worthy of an Ārya.
    -3 Worthy, venerable, respectable, honourable, noble, high; यदार्यमस्यामभिलाषि मे मनः Ś.1.22; R.2.33; so आर्यवेषः respectable dress; oft. used in theatrical language as an honorific adjective and a respectful mode of address; आर्यचाणक्यः, आर्या अरुन्धती &c.; आर्य revered or honoured Sir; आर्ये revered or honoured lady. The following rules are laid down for the use of आर्य in addressing persons:-- (1) वाच्यौ नटीसूत्रधारावार्यनाम्ना परस्परम् । (2) वयस्येत्युत्तमैर्वाच्यो मध्यैरार्येति चाग्रजः । (3) (वक्तव्यो) अमात्य आर्येति चेतरैः । (4) स्वेच्छया नामभिर्विप्रैर्विप्र आर्येति चेतरैः । S. D.431.
    -4 Noble, fine, excellent.
    -र्यः 1 N. of the Hindu and Iranian people, as distinguished from अनार्य, दस्यु and दास; विजानीह्यार्यान्ये च दस्यवः Rv.1.51.8.
    -2 A man who is faithful to the religion and laws of his country; कर्तव्यमाचरन् कार्यमकर्तव्यमनाचरन् । तिष्ठति प्रकृताचारे स वा आर्य इति स्मृतः ॥
    -3 N. of the first three castes (as opp. to शूद्र).
    -4 res- pectable or honourable man, esteemed person; वृत्तेन हि भवत्यार्यो न धनेन न विद्यया Mb.; परमार्यः परमां कृपां बभार Bu. Ch.5.6.
    -5 A man of noble birth.
    -6 A man of noble character.
    -7 A master, owner.
    -8 A preceptor; वैमानि- कार्यसमभूमा Viś. Guṇā.124; Mu.3.33.
    -9 A friend.
    -1 A Vaiśya.
    -11 A father-in-law (as in आर्यपुत्र).
    -12 A Buddha.
    -13 (With the Buddhists) A man who has thought on the four chief principles of Buddhism and lives according to them.
    -14 A son of Manu Sāvarṇa.
    -र्या 1 N. of Pārvatī.
    -2 A mother-in-law.
    -3 A respectable woman; यत्रार्या रुदती भीता पाण़्डवानिदमब्रवीत् Mb.3.12.87.
    -4 N. of a metre; राजानमुद्दिश्य आर्यामिमां पपाठ K.
    ˚गीतिः f. A variety of the Āry&amacr metre, see Appendix.
    -5That which comes from truth; आराद् याता तत्त्वेभ्य इति आर्या.
    -र्यम् 1 Virtue, sacredness; नहि दुष्टा- त्मनामार्यमावसत्यालये चिरम् Rām.3.5.12.
    -2 Discrimination (विवेक); कोपमार्येण यो हन्ति स वीरः पुरुषोत्तमः Rām.4.31.6.
    -Comp. -अष्टशतम् title of a work of Ārya Bhaṭṭa consisting of eight hundred verses.
    -आगमः The appro- aching an Ārya woman sexually; अन्त्यस्यार्यागमे वधः Y.2.294.
    -आवर्तः [आर्यां आवर्तन्ते अत्र] 'abode of the noble or excellent (Āryas)'; particularly N. of the tract extending from the eastern to the western ocean, and bounded on the north and south by the Himālaya and Vindhya respectively; cf. Ms..2.22; आ समुद्रात्तु वै पूर्वादा समुद्राच्च पश्चिमात् । तयोरेवान्तरं गिर्योः (हिमवद्विन्ध्ययोः) आर्यावर्तं विदुर्बुधाः ॥; also 1.34.
    -गृह्य a. [आर्यस्य गृह्यः पक्षः]
    1 to be respected by the noble.
    -2 a friend of the noble, readily accessible to honourable men; तमार्यगृह्यं निगृहीतधेनुः R.2.33.
    -3 respectable, right, decorous.
    -जुष्ट a. liked by or agreeable to noble ones.
    -देशः a country inhabited by the Āryas.
    -पुत्रः 1 son of an honourable man.
    -2 the son of a spiritual preceptor.
    -3 honorific designation of the son of the elder brother; of a husband by his wife; or of a prince by his general &c.
    -4 the son of the father-in-law, i. e. a husband (occurring in every drama; mostly in the vocative case in the last two senses).
    -प्राय a.
    1 inhabited by the Āryas.
    -2 a bounding with respectable people; Ms.7.69.
    -बलः N. of a Bodhisattva.
    -भट्टः N. of a renowned astronomer, the inventor of Algebra among the Hindus; he flourished before the 5th century of the Christian era. Hence his work is called आर्यभटीय.
    -भावः honourable character or behaviour.
    -मतिः One having a noble intellect; संक्षिप्तमार्यमतिना Sāṅ. K.71.
    -मार्गः the path or course of the respectable, a respectable way.
    -मिश्र a. respectable, worthy, distinguished. (
    -श्रः) a gentleman, a man of consequence; (pl.)
    1 worthy or respectable men, an assembly of honourable men; आर्य- मिश्रान् विज्ञापयामि V.1.
    -2 your reverence or honour (a respectful address); नन्वार्यमिश्रैः प्रथममेव आज्ञप्तम् Ś.1; आर्य- मिश्राः प्रमाणम् M.1.
    -युवन् m. an Āryan youth.
    -रूप a. having only the form of an Āryan, a hypocrite, impostor; आर्यरूपमिवानार्यं कर्मभिः स्वैर्विभावयेत् Ms.1.57.
    -लिङ्गिन् m. an impostor; Ms.9.26.
    -वाक् a. speaking the Aryan language; म्लेच्छवाचश्चार्यवाचः सर्वे ते दस्यवः स्मृताः Ms.1.45.
    -वृत्त a. virtuous, good, pious; Ms.9. 253; R.14.55. (
    -त्तम्) the conduct of an Āryan or nobleman; Ms.4.175.
    -वेश a. well-clothed, having a respectable dress, fine.
    -व्रत a. observing the laws and ordinances of the Āryans or noblemen. (
    -तम्) the duty of an Aryan.
    -शील a. Having an honest charac- ter.
    -श्वेतः a noble or honourable man.
    -संघः the whole body of the Āryans, especially Buddhists; it is also the name of a renowned philosopher (founder of the school of Yogāchāras).
    -सत्यम् a noble or sublime truth; (there are four such truths forming the chief principles of Buddhism. In Pāli they are called चत्तारि अरियसच्चानि. They are, (1) life is suffering, (2) Desire of life is the cause of suffering, (3) Extinction of that desire is the cessation of suffering, (4) The eightfold path leads to that extinction).
    -सिद्धान्तः N. of a work of आर्यभट्ट.
    -स्त्री An Āryan woman, or a woman of the first three castes.
    -हलम् ind. forcibly.
    -हृद्य a. liked by the noble.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > आर्य _ārya

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